Depression. All about the disease, treatment, symptoms.

Imagine what Comrade Stalin would once have said to Semyon Mikhailovich Budyonny: “You will be, dear Comrade Budyonny, a psychiatrist. There are not enough good psychiatric personnel in the country. And the cadres, Semyon Mikhailovich batono, decide everything.” And I would have to mentally whisper to the swearing uncle to put on a white coat over the sword belt with a saber (where without it), change the felt pointed helmet for a cap (ugh, I’m sorry, God!) and treat the mournful with your head. And give lectures to students. And if you asked Budyonny what the asthenic-neurotic type of accentuation of character is, he would answer…

“Arab horse, fellow students. The same nervous, delicate soul and timid. Capricious, but beautiful. In the long gallop to put the do not can — no, more Yes trot gait, and if you want to gallop short spurts. And don’t let any of the bastards fire their guns next to you, or else get the rider out of here!” Such a … squiggle.”

So long-term loads for a representative of this type of death are similar-it does not matter whether they are physical or psychoemotional. It’s like an F-16 [60] without refueling in the air: it took off, did a dirty trick in order to maintain democracy — and to the base. Standing in queues, waiting for something, the prospect of monotonous work is immediately added to the list of tortures of special sophistication and try, accordingly, to avoid.

Such people are irritable. Not hot-tempered, like hypertimus (about which later) – they say that you are all exclusive here, and I am d’Artagnan; not angry with boiling, redness and steam from the ears, like an epileptoid, but more like a balloon: cotton-and a limp piece on a thread. Moreover, the ” pop ” can be loud, sudden and insignificant in appearance prick. At the same time, they are otkhodchivy, they can even cry on the shoulder of the newly cursed, but also for a short time. Sometimes they confuse their beloved half with this: he yelled, and in the end he has to be comforted, patted on the head and say that everything is fine.

Concerned about their health. Heart, headaches, short sexual intercourse-yes, you never know what, the main thing is to live for some crap. Therefore, they are very much loved by all kinds of healers — the main thing is that the treatment is short and clear. Long-term schemes and diets lead them to a state of sub-stupor, like Winnie-the-Pooh long words.

They are drawn to friends, but quickly get tired of noisy companies. Looking for peace-and quickly climb the wall of loneliness. Recalling the best years, they are surprised to note that they passed under the banner of chronic fatigue and permanent irritability. Making plans for the future, like the Arabs of Inshallah, repeat “if God gives you health.”

I would start my study of private psychopathology with characters. more precisely, with their accentuations. I want to immediately note that accentuation of character is not a disease.

This is still the norm, just special, emphatically specific. perhaps, under unfavorable circumstances, accentuation will grow to psychopathy or give a specific color to the course of mental illness — but, again, this is a variant of the norm. Angular, bulging with its unique facets, but normal. Characters are like zodiac signs for an astrologer. This is the foundation. Once the term “temperament”was used. The word “temperament “( from Lat. temperans-moderate) in Latin means “the proper ratio of parts”; the Greek word “krasis” (fusion, mixing) was introduced by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates. By temperament, he understood both anatomical and physiological, and individual psychological characteristics of a person. Hippocrates explained temperament as a feature of behavior, the predominance in the body of one of the “vital juices” (four elements).

The predominance of yellow bile (from the Greek cholē — bile, poison) makes a person impulsive, “hot” – choleric.

the predominance of lymph (from the greek phlégma — sputum) makes a person calm and slow-phlegmatic.

the predominance of blood (from lat. sanguis-blood) makes a person mobile and cheerful-sanguine.

the predominance of black bile (from the greek melas — black and chole — bile) makes a person sad and fearful — melancholic.

They say-cultivate character. And you try to change in yourself what is given by nature itself. Character is a very stable thing. It’s like facial features. Try to give the face the desired expression and keep it for years, without a break for lunch (true, haughty or mournful folds in the corner of the mouth are formed relatively quickly, but this is the rule of all bad habits). Exactly the same as the shape of the character is laid genetically. And during his life, his features are smoothed or sharpened, but very, very rarely change dramatically (usually a psychiatrist is alarmed). Look at your children. Which of your character traits did they inherit? In what bizarre combination? Are there any grandparents in them?

Although this syndrome belongs more to neurology than to psychiatry, without it, the description of syndromes and understanding of problems in our branch of medicine would be incomplete.

When aminazine first appeared in psychiatric practice in the early fifties, it was a breakthrough. This was the beginning of a new era in psychiatry — the era of neuroleptics. The tactics of managing patients have changed dramatically: now many people could not be kept in hospitals for years and decades — now you could prescribe treatment and let them go home! Not all of them, of course, but many, many. However, according to some adherents of pure science, with the advent of aminazine, the last real mental patient disappeared from clinics-allegedly, neuroleptics changed the picture of the disease so much. But you know these inveterate humanists with a burdened history — do not feed them bread, just let them perform medical and diagnostic decapitation. Or catch a representative sample of pygmies and chimpanzees, and then make them live together for a long time, passionately and presumably happily — just to see who the children will become.

Following chlorpromazine, a number of antipsychotics, selectively acting for different types of psychosomatica: for example, stelazin (triftazin he) was good for the relief of delirium, haloperidol — to deal with the hallucinations. But, as is usually the case with any medicine, after a short period of trying on the laurels of the panacea, the first taste of tar appeared. Patients liked neuroleptics much less than the doctors who prescribed them. Why? It’s all about one of the side effects-neuroleptic syndrome.

Strictly speaking, neuroleptic syndrome, or neurolepsy, is a special variant of the so-called extrapyramidal disorders (the term is taken from neurology; the extrapyramidal system controls human movements, maintains muscle tone and body posture, without involving the cerebral cortex and its pyramidal cells). These disorders can be caused by both the disease and the side effects of certain medications, especially those that affect the concentration of the intermediary (one of many) transmission of nerve signals — dopamine. It could be some of the medications for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, and calcium channel blockers used in cardiology, and last but not least antipsychotics. And since these are used very widely, the neuroleptic syndrome can be distinguished and considered separately.

It is this side effect (or rather, a whole bunch of them) that neuroleptics are so disliked by psychiatric patients, it is this syndrome that is regarded as a punishment for any offense, and it is this syndrome that is put on view, Recalling punitive psychiatry. Where does it come from and how does it manifest itself?

The exact mechanism is not yet fully understood. It is believed that neuroleptics, among other things, block the receptors in the subcortical nuclei that are sensitive to dopamine. This, in turn, leads to an increase in the synthesis of dopamine in the body (something like a person, getting used to the smell of his Cologne, uses it more and more, up to washing them), and its excess triggers a painful process.

The process itself can take place:

in the acute form: they gave the medicine-crooked, canceled-passed;

• in the protracted form: they gave the medicine for a long time, then canceled, and the side effects last for another week or even a month or two;

• in chronic form, when neurolepsia does not disappear even after the full withdrawal of neuroleptics;

• in the malignant form: with lightning-fast development and aggravation of symptoms and frequent death.

Neuroleptic syndrome is expressed in the following manifestations, which can either exist in isolation or be combined with each other, sometimes very fancifully.

Neuroleptic parkinsonism. The patient feels stiffness in all the muscles of the body, his movements become stingy, slowed down, his arms are slightly bent at the elbows and tense, his gait is mincing, shuffling. The hands are shaking more or less constantly; in a sitting position, the knees begin to shake – sometimes barely noticeably, then as if the patient throws them up on purpose. Sometimes the lower jaw shakes, which creates the feeling that the patient chews frequently (rabbit syndrome).

Dystonia. There are acute, caused by the current intake of neuroleptics, and late, which occurs after several years of continuous treatment and persists long after the withdrawal of neuroleptics. How does it manifest? Remember how the leg muscles cramp if you sit them out or if you overwork them while swimming. Now imagine that it twists the back muscles in the same way, causing the torso to bend. Or the neck, which causes the head to go sideways or throw back. Or chewing muscles. There is also a so-called oculohirny crisis, when, in addition to throwing back the head, the eyes roll up, because the oculomotor muscles have contracted.

Neuroleptic akathisia. Patients themselves call it restlessness. I always want to change my position, because the one I just took is already uncomfortable. But the new one does not bring relief. Maybe get up, walk around? A little better, but then I want to sit down. Uncomfortable again. Lie down? Yes, it is impossible! Sitting on a chair, the patient fidgets, sways, shifts one leg to the other and, on the contrary, fastens and unbuttons buttons, fingering – not a second of rest.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Fortunately, it is rare. Develops quickly: sharply raises the temperature up to 38 degrees Celsius and above, poruchaetsya consciousness up to coma, the patient is numb, the muscles of the body tense, sweating heavily, panting, the pulse part, the heart begins to malfunction rhythm. Lethality in malignant neuroleptic syndrome is from 10 to 20 %.

Of course, this syndrome was not ignored. Medications were found that completely remove or at least ease its manifestations. However, even here, without reservations and caution, nothing. For example, the same cyclodol. Everything seems to be fine, I took a pill — and the stiffness passed, and the restlessness disappeared somewhere. There is no an, and it has its disadvantages. First of all, it can be abused — for the sake of a relaxed state, when the whole body moves in the surrounding air, as if in a pool: smoothly, freely, moved the fin — and soared… And after a certain excess of the dosage, you can look at interesting hallucinations at all. So they get hooked on this drug. Fortunately, this proofreader is not the only one.

The next step was to develop new, atypical neuroleptics, which, according to the plan, had no neuroleptic effect. Here, too, everything is not smooth: neuroleptic syndrome when taking some of the new drugs is indeed less pronounced, but not all and not always, and even new side effects… in Short, there is something to work on.

And yet, neuroleptic syndrome is not a reason to refuse treatment, especially if it allows you to get rid of an alien invasion of a particular apartment, to shield yourself from harmful rays and vibrations, or to survive a worldwide conspiracy of militant cryptosionism due to an acute attack of philosophizing quasipofigism. The main thing is for both the patient and the doctor to put aside fanaticism and template and solve the problem of selecting drugs and doses creatively each time.

With a clear, sensible and generally accepted definition of negative syndromes in psychiatry was no more lucky than the word “ass” in classical literature: there is an objective reality given to us in all the fullness of sensations and a variety of adventures found — and the word seems to be absent. The phenomenon described by the term used, but it is worth asking what is it and why is not reflected in ICD-10— all endemic dysarthria and Sperlonga.

So what are negative syndromes? Negative syndromes are the loss of the formed psyche of its already existing qualities and properties. They are also called deficient, that is, leading to the formation of a mental defect: here was a whole psyche, here is an element dropped out of it — get a defect. Oh, Yes, it should be added that the reason for the loss, loss of these qualities and properties is a mental illness.

There is a scale of negative syndromes: from the lightest to the most severe, the final state of the psyche: exhaustion of mental activity; subjectively conscious change in the “I”; objectively determined change in personality; disharmony of the individual; decrease (or reduction) of the energy potential; decrease in the level of personality; regression of the individual; amnesic disorders; total dementia; mental insanity.

Now learn more about each of the syndromes.

Depletion of mental activity. In appearance, it is very similar to asthenic syndrome. It is characterized by:

• increased fatigue, and it does not matter what to do: roll bags or make small talk;

• irritability — not the sullen one that darkly smoulders in a dysphoric fecaloid for weeks and months, but more like a balloon on an alley of cacti: darted, flapped and sagged;

• emotional lability, when the mood in one day can change from rosy through misanthropic to self-deprecating more than once;

• hyperesthesia, when any more or less distinct stimulus (phone call, camera flash, a trail of perfume from a passing lady, an unexpected touch) it is so painful to the nerves that there is no way to restrain yourself — however, as already mentioned, this surge will not last long;

• weakening of memory and attention — not due to the fact that there is nothing to remember and concentrate on, but due to the fact that memorization and concentration require strength — and they are not.

So what is the difference?

First of all, in the discrepancy between the degree of depletion and the external causes that could cause it. In other words, where did you work so hard that you were so tired? With a neurotic, everything is more or less clear: constant work or household stress, a lot of unsolved (and often unsolvable in principle) small tasks, General unsettledness and lack of a pofigistic Tao — and here is the result. It is the same with a person after a serious illness: the body has spent all its strength to survive, there is no time for higher matters. But when such symptoms occur out of the blue, out of nothing — that’s when it’s different, as well as the direction of diagnostic search.

In addition, the dynamics of the syndrome is important. With the same neurosis or the consequences of a serious physical illness, surgery or injury, this syndrome will sooner or later come to naught: the body will get stronger, the psyche will gain strength and wisdom (the latter, however, is optional), life will get better — and goodbye, asthenia, until new shocks. Exhaustion within the negative syndrome will not let go so easily. It will not go away even if you put a person in ideal conditions, with a lifetime salary just for not daring to work anywhere, a Villa on the Riviera and every season courtesans with an angelic character in quite earthly forms.

On the contrary (and this is the third difference), it will become the essence of the personality itself, gradually eating up the will, the ability to think and act creatively, empathize and turn their attention and interests outside (up to the transformation of an extrovert into an introvert).

Subjectively Conscious change in the “I”. remember the cat Matroskin? “And I increasingly notice that someone has replaced me. I don’t even dream about the seas, TV has replaced nature for me.” Formally, externally, the intellect, memory, and character of a person are the same, and for others it is the same as it was. But not for myself.

The person himself feels that he is not the same as before. And quite clearly, there is no doubt about it. What has changed? The attitudes of life changed: it was as if someone was pulling out the hooks that marked the path to the goal, and the goal itself-now it is not clear whether it was there at all or whether it was its Ghost? In any case, it’s gone, too. Only inertia remains. Changed the motives of: if before something was done because I wanted and they could, now more because I have to or used to, or because that’s what you expect, and sometimes in spite of expectations. The attitude towards oneself has changed — not exactly for the better and not so definitely for the worse — it has simply become different, matching the changed “I”. Having broken through a new attitude to yourself, the attitude to others, relatives and friends has changed. Continuing to live and act outwardly in the same way (well, almost the same way) as before, a person becomes not so much a participant in events as watching his role in this theater from the outside, but not finding the former strength and desire to live this role, and not play it. Yes, and the roles and masks themselves, which previously people changed according to the situation easily and almost without looking, now seem more and more unnatural, false, and you have to make an effort to prevent some Stanislavsky from shouting: “I Don’t believe it!» Again, you don’t want to make an effort!

To objectively determine the personality change. This is the next step on the ladder of negative syndromes, and if at the previous step a person still noticed that something was wrong with him, now these changes are noticeable to others, and he is no longer able to realize them. Why? These changes have already become an integral part of his personality, and the person no longer has any idea how to feel, live and think differently. He had already lived in the shell, whose walls had recently pressed against his thighs. And self-criticism, still trying to reflect and send distress signals at the previous stage, took a spare spacesuit, emergency NZ and quietly deserted.

At this stage, it becomes noticeable how a person avoids everything new and unknown, how he loses the ability to think and act creatively, adhering to the good old (and such a habitually safe) routine. He himself does not notice anything like this for himself, even takes offense and sincerely wonders why he was suddenly recorded in retrogrades and conservatives?

The patient’s life itself becomes monotonous, passive, he goes with the flow, like a lost landing stage, and any attempt to stir him up, make him make independent decisions, and even more so to be responsible for them, only upsets, scares and irritates him.

The circle of interests is narrowing — after all, to be interested in something, you need to get out of your shell: inside there is a warm blanket, a computer and a can of beer with chips, and outside everything is more uncomfortable and anxious. For the same reason, the circle of acquaintances and communication is narrowing: it is troublesome, restless, you need to spend yourself — and just not interesting.

Character traits that were previously smoothed out are sharpened; those that no one guessed at all appear. And they were present before, just successfully masked by the fullness of feelings, emotions, aspirations and willingness to show interest outside. And now the vulnerability becomes especially visible — to the point of resentment, subordination, pettiness and pedantry, hypocrisy. Another half-step and the personality changes will take shape, become fixed, and then we will talk about disharmony.

Disharmony of personality. In appearance, it quite clearly resembles psychopathy. However, there are two big “buts”. First, psychopathy is a personality disorder that manifests itself early, at the stage of formation of this very personality, and disharmony develops during the disease and changes the already formed personality. Secondly, to put it figuratively, psychopathy could be compared to a rock that causes a lot of problems and unflattering epithets, protruding from a deep lake — if you consider the personality itself, with all its qualities, characteristics and habits, as a lake. In this case, disharmony is more like underwater rocks and wrecks of sunken ships, once hidden under water, but now appearing above the surface of a very shallow and swampy lake.

Depending on which set of personality traits will prevail, disharmony can be similar to any of the psychopathies or a combination of them, like mosaic, with the only difference that in this set there will always be something subtly wrong, with two or three elements taken as if from a completely different picture.

There are also quite characteristic types of personal disharmony that allow us to describe them as separate symptom complexes. This is a symptom Feerasta, acquired chitalishte and autism from the inside out.

The Feofrastus symptom was described in 1982 by V. M. Bleicher and L. I. Zavilyanskaya. Plato had a pupil, Theophrastus of eres, who later became a close friend of The great thinker and wrote the book “Ethical characters”. In this book, among other things, described the phenomenon of optimate, which people say: “Gray hair in the beard — a demon in the rib.” There are people who meet the milestone of 55-60 years with dignity, sedately and without emotional anguish. And there is a group of friends who loom on the horizon of old age and counted kilometers of personal nedotraha seem to spit in the soul, and in fact become a fuse to a barrel of gunpowder hidden in the attic. Here’s a light getting closer — and Hello!

The person suddenly seems to come to life: chronically stooped shoulders unfold, convulsive attempts are made to pull in (or at least pull a wide bandage) a flaccid tummy, a mischievous light lights up in the eyes, suspiciously resembling a light reflex from the back of the skull-everything, vintage ass is ready for new adventures. Desperate attempts are made to become young again: youth clothing, youth music, changing the social circle from those who count heart attacks and measure the size of kidney stones and hemorrhoids, to those who take out and make notches on the railing, young lovers and mistresses appear, youth clubs and tourist gatherings are visited. It is useless to call for self — criticism-she has been on the run for a long time, has received another citizenship and prefers not to take a deep drag on the smoke of the Fatherland.

• Acquired chitalishte. This is the result of the development of continuous or paroxysmal-progressive schizophrenia. It is expressed, first of all, in the appearance and growth of autism. Achtung! We are not talking about childhood autism, but about a defect that developed as a result of the disease. Moreover, a defect that is so characteristic of schizophrenia that without it it is impossible to have a sufficiently deep understanding of this disease. How does it manifest itself? First of all, in the emotional detachment of the patient from everything that does not concern his personal world. This is the very strangeness, coldness, alienness to everything external, not your own. This is the inability to understand the usual logic and the inability to cause at least some adequate response to the manifestation of feelings. The patient, in principle, know (somewhere heard, read, learned from others), that a smile would be nice to respond with a smile, good, to return good, a slap in the face to turn the hip, tilting the shot to the chest and finish with your elbow, and on the death of a loved being — at least to shed a tear. But he does not feel the need and need to do so — in his soul, just not born the appropriate response. This is unsociability — simply because there is no need to let anyone else into your world. This is a lack of interest in the events around you — enough of your own thoughts and experiences. This is a symptom of “wood and glass”, with an impenetrable dullness and callousness, even cruelty to what is outside the circle of its own, personal and carefully guarded, and vulnerability, fragility and readiness to break for any attempt to invade — in relation to everything that is included in this circle, whether it is a collection of unwashed socks or a favorite cactus. This is the subordination of thinking to some special schemes, stereotypes, its rigidity and rigidity, not to mention pretentiousness and completely unthinkable logic. This is a sudden change of Outlook — without any visible prerequisites, when a person suddenly dives into mysticism, occultism, or suddenly becomes a zealous advocate of one of the Orthodox religions (usually being a convinced atheist), or suddenly discovers the charms of invention, becoming a real headache for the household and a hemorrhoid for the patent offices. Autism inside out, or regressive synth. Outwardly, it may seem that this state is the exact opposite of autism: sociability beyond measure, openness, even in what is usually supposed to hide, looseness to the point of unbridled. But if you look closely, you can see that this phenomenon is based on the same lack of understanding and inability to subtly feel the emotional and moral-ethical line between what is allowed and taboo, between what is generally accepted and reprehensible, between what can be announced and demonstrated, and purely intimate. Such a patient does not cost anything to walk naked around the hostel, explaining to all comers that the farm should be ventilated so as not to burn. Or share with your neighbors in the compartment the details of visiting the toilet, sincerely expecting them to be the same frankness. Or run around with plans to create a society of people free from prejudice (with forced nudity and mandatory haphazard peretrahom). Moreover, such a patient will be convinced that he does not violate any norms of behavior — everyone is just some kind of complex.

Reducing the level of personality. What happens to a broken limb if it is not forced to work and recover for a long time? That’s right, the muscles atrophy and the amount of movement that can be done with it decreases. Approximately the same thing happens with the patient’s personality when, due to a decrease in the energy potential, for months and years, he is not interested in anything, does not strive for anything, and shows little of his individuality.

The difference can manifest itself in how the remnants of the personality Express themselves:

• in complete detachment from reality, almost complete absence of interests and motives, in a minimum… not even emotions, but their pale similarity, memory of how they should be shown, and in thinking that slips in its reasonableness, constantly slips from the main topic, is stuck in symbolism and diversity — and in the end does not give birth to anything worthwhile;

• fixated and focused on their simple household interests: where to eat, what to drink, where to stay, so as not to touch. These interests are sacredly and meticulously protected, and God forbid you to get further into this badger hole than you should — you are guaranteed to get it. And given that such a patient thinks slowly and with difficulty, but is inclined to attach importance to any trifles and is practically unable to distract himself from something else, the process may be delayed;

• complacency and carelessness (but without real gaiety and hedonism), frivolity and misunderstanding of the depth and volume of the anatomical part of the universe in which the patient is hopelessly stuck.

Regression of personality. Here you will hardly be able to recognize a person you have known for many years, if the patient was familiar to you. If not, you can hardly guess what it was like before. The disease has erased all the hallmarks of his personality, and he is just one of many residents of a boarding house for psychochronics, a group of homeless people or permanently registered patients in a psychiatric hospital. No interests, no attempts to change anything in life, no ability to think coherently and Express, no bright emotions. Yes, you can see that some patients are simply amoeboid and indifferent, others are grumpy and angry, and still others constantly smile — but this is all in which, apart from their appearance and passport data, they can be distinguished.

Amnesic disorders. In this negative syndrome, memory suffers first of all. And mostly memory. Intelligence suffers less noticeably: Yes, it is difficult or impossible to acquire new knowledge and skills; Yes, it is very difficult to keep the necessary amount of information in your head to fully operate with it, but most of the skills, knowledge and proven patterns of actions obtained before the onset of the disease remain intact for a long time. Skill, as they say, you will not drink (by the way, the thesis is controversial, but I do not advise you to check).

The initial manifestations of progressive amnesia (that is, not the one that immediately follows the fateful meeting of the head and flimsy baseball bat) look nothing like the sudden disappearance of memory, and a lower ability to remember or a long time to hold in memory (the expression “memory like a sieve” is the right stone in the right garden), difficulty remembering (a familiar situation when solving the crossword puzzle, isn’t it?). Gradually, the memory becomes impoverished.

If amnesic disorders progress, the Ribot law comes into force: first, the events of the next few days, months, and years are forgotten, and only then does amnesia absorb more and more early events and facts from life, but from the present to the past, and in no other way.

In many patients, amnesic disorders are limited to fixation amnesia, that is, the loss of memory for current events and the inability to remember and retain anything. This condition can last for years before getting worse or improving (the latter, given the non-dormant evil entropy, is less common, but also not excluded). At the same time, the memory of past years, and the knowledge and skills acquired once do not disappear anywhere. In addition, many patients with fixation amnesia realize that they have a problem with memory, and try to somehow cope with it: they start notebooks and organizers, keep diaries and Chronicles, write and stick notes in the apartment that remind them (turn off the gas, take the keys to the house, tell the district police officer and the emergency service where they are going), ask their relatives and friends to make control calls. If the amnesia is pronounced, the patient may forget that he has just been fed or that he has already performed his marital duty today (however, the latter is not always regarded as a disadvantage).

Total dementia. If a person — with his individual characteristics, intellectual baggage, emotions and strong — willed aspirations-can be compared to an architectural structure, then with total dementia, he remains in ruins. And such that no restorer will assume that there was before the bombing.

Intellect has not gone deep underground, as if synodical, he was captured and Kolesova in the square. I got all its components, from the ability to draw conclusions, generalizations and conclusions, the ability to analyze, abstract, compare and highlight the main thing, to basic skills such as counting and the ability to follow even simple instructions. You can search for knowledge and skills, but it is easier to find the gold of the party.

Memory at this stage, as a rule, resembles not even a sieve, but one large gap in the width of life, on the outskirts of which the lemmings of childhood memories are shyly trampling, wondering whether to follow the General trend or linger a little?

The surviving emotions are on the level of joy from a piece of something delicious or displeasure from an overflowing diaper.

Where the will used to dwell, utter apathy reigns. Or the lower instincts that have been stirred up are mischievous (when they say that the whole person has gone to the root).

Mental insanity (from the Greek. marasmos — exhaustion, extinction). This is the terminal, most pronounced and severe stage of dementia. The collapse of mental activity in mental insanity is complete — up to the disappearance of speech, the inability to achieve any intelligible reaction to an attempt to speak, call out, call by name, ask something or ask to do. The semblance of interest remains only in food, and then not always, and emotions — in the form of traces of pleasure or displeasure. As a rule, physical insanity (exhaustion) is soon joined with weight loss, cachexia, gross focal disorders of the nervous system, dystrophy of internal organs, the appearance of bedsores and, often, congestive pneumonia — and there is already half a step to death.

Memory at this stage, as a rule, resembles not even a sieve, but one large gap in the width of life, on the outskirts of which the lemmings of childhood memories are shyly trampling, wondering whether to follow the General trend or linger a little?

The surviving emotions are on the level of joy from a piece of something delicious or displeasure from an overflowing diaper.

Where the will used to dwell, utter apathy reigns. Or the lower instincts that have been stirred up are mischievous (when they say that the whole person has gone to the root).

Mental insanity (from the Greek. marasmos — exhaustion, extinction). This is the terminal, most pronounced and severe stage of dementia. The collapse of mental activity in mental insanity is complete — up to the disappearance of speech, the inability to achieve any intelligible reaction to an attempt to speak, call out, call by name, ask something or ask to do. The semblance of interest remains only in food, and then not always, and emotions — in the form of traces of pleasure or displeasure. As a rule, physical insanity (exhaustion) is soon joined with weight loss, cachexia, gross focal disorders of the nervous system, dystrophy of internal organs, the appearance of bedsores and, often, congestive pneumonia — and there is already half a step to death.

The name of the syndrome — Munchausen syndrome-was proposed in 1951 by Richard Asher, who described several clinical cases where patients invented, or even intentionally caused themselves painful symptoms. No, similar cases have been described before. So, a nomadic patient was described, the “hospital flea” syndrome, the syndrome of a hospital frequenter. But you know, the memory is stored with what is associated with more associations and emotions.

Nevertheless, all these syndromes, along with baronsky, took their place on the shelf of the international classification of diseases. In its 10th revision-under the code F68. 1 That is, it is “intentionally causing or simulating symptoms or disabilities of a physical or psychological nature (fake violation)”. But note that the simulation itself is encrypted as Z76.5 in the same classification. Why is this? And most importantly-what symptoms are invented or demonstrated?

Yes, a lot of different things. Abdominal pain? As many as you want, and whatever you want. Bleeding? Any, up to the real ones (like, for example, a swallowed razor blade on a thread that you can pull, so that somewhere there, in the bowels, it is cut and bled?). And suffocation, heart pain, fainting and seizures, paralysis and headaches, unsteadiness of gait and numbness of the limbs. Someone even, for example, manages to borrow a porphyria patient’s urine to pass it off as their own for analysis. I’m not even talking about the comrades who mow down our psychiatric patients. These, however, are not very many — still not resort conditions in the hospital — but they are also found. Just to get to the hospital, for examination, for treatment, and even for surgery. Well, now a few words about why Munchausen syndrome is considered separately from the banal simulation. And why the Barony is not hung on a whole cohort of hysterics and hypochondriacs.

To begin with, it is different from a simulation with external motivations. What is the difference? Yes, just in the absence of these most external motivations. That is, there is no need for a person to mow down from the army or hide in a hospital from prison, there is no intention to get additional coins or square meters of living space on benefits, there is no need for narcotic analgesics like tramal or something roof-bearing like cyclodol. All exclusively … well, not that out of love for art, but for some internal reasons. So far, there is a lot of speculation and discussion about these internal motives, but no final and unified opinion has been reached. It is assumed that in this way patients are looking for care, psychological support, escape from everyday life and the need to do something independently and decide — the list can be supplemented, but so far it remains tentative.

In addition, Munchausen syndrome should not be confused with distantly similar, but nevertheless related to other operas, experiences and symptoms in hypochondriacs and hysterics. Yes, the very personality of a patient with this syndrome may have a number of hysterical features, and something hypochondriacal may be present in it — but nothing more. The main difference is in the awareness of causing symptoms of the disease. And if a patient with Munchausen syndrome does this just consciously, then the hysteric or hypochondriac is not. For them, all the work is willingly performed (I’m not afraid of this word, it will be appropriate here) by their unconscious.

As you can imagine, recognizing such friends is quite a quest. And as for the treatment… Psychotherapy is often ineffective, because, as one electrocuted but overly corpulent client used to say when the judge asked him angrily why he hadn’t lost weight by the time the court ordered, ” I don’t have the proper motivation, your honor…

Delegated Munchausen syndrome

If, speaking or reading about Munchausen syndrome, an ordinary person, shaking his head, can say-they say, go on, how the people are over themselves izgalyaetsya, and voluntarily! — that description of delegated Munchausen syndrome will probably make many people clench their teeth and fists. And it will cause an irresistible desire to cause irreparable benefit to the delegator. Well, or at least weigh correction pills quantum satis.

Encrypted in the international classification of diseases of the tenth revision, this syndrome is no longer in the psychiatric section-T74. 8. Or as “other cases of ill-treatment”. With whom? Someone who will be delegated the symptoms of a disease that doesn’t actually exist. That is, it would be fine if the person himself portrayed or caused signs of the disease: well, he is not well, well, others are deluded, but at least the radius of the lesion is limited. But when the victim of such a friend becomes a child or a person being taken care of by a sick person (most often-a disabled person)…

And that’s exactly what happens. After all, it is not difficult: add a drop of blood to the urine collected for analysis, give another medicine (or what was prescribed, but based on the average horse), cause diarrhea or vomiting, bleeding or fever, starve. Poison a little. Strangle, in the end — no, not quite to death, but so that you can pump it out: after all, with a baby or with a weakened person (or with someone who trusts you infinitely), it’s so easy! “Oh, my God, why?!” — you will ask.

The benefit (if this is really delegated Munchausen syndrome) is not material, but psychological. This is what the opportunity, slightly polynov utrechka halo, walk and Shine in his eyes and a distant light! What a Martyr’s halo you can carefully wrap yourself in-lo, see what and in what quantities I have to endure (no, I don’t mean a duck, but in a global sense), looking after this unfortunate! This is such a geyser of someone else’s admiration-they say, there are such selfless people! And most importantly-not at your own expense. The victim is the victim. Even if it’s your own. And who appreciated when she was given birth (raised, raised, supported-underline)?

“What kind of monster is this?» — you may ask. Often a pretty cute monster, I must say. Technically not crazy. It has become a part of the mask of a benefactor, a Martyr who patiently bears his heavy cross, his burden of care and responsibility for a seriously ill person. Should I draw a psychological profile? Here, rather, a sketch will turn out. Smears. Abstractedly. Like a Checkered portrait, but there will be recognition. So, check it out.

A person with a stunningly developed self-centeredness. There is he, and there are other means to achieve his own goal-of course, he will never tell you about this. Psychologically immature. In some places. No, it will look and behave outwardly as accomplished and responsible, but if you dig — there will be too little “can’t” and too much “want”, with a completely sluggish, almost agonizing struggle of motives. Emotionally cold — Yes, but only internally. For show, there is just a flood of feelings, but to be warm and loving is only in relation to the precious self. Hysterical features? Yes, perhaps. Not at all and not always, but often. The oppression of certain past and present external circumstances? May be present, though not always: the authoritarian parent “you should/should not dare to” not really existing marriage, when it is necessary to do a good mine at bad game (and not anti-personnel and not on the football field), an underlying but permanent feeling of inferiority or neozelandese and the deficit either desires, or possibilities to turn the tide in their favor something constructive.

What adds dark notes to the situation is that it is extremely rare to detect such a syndrome and press the carrier against a warm wall in a dark corner. This is all within the family, as a rule, happens. A little push, doubt — and then you will not wash away from the counter-accusations. How! This is distrust! This is a vile slander! What kind of doctor/social worker/investigator are you after that? Again, go on to prove it, even if something was discovered: was it really done intentionally or out of thoughtlessness? You know how we are doing with the health literacy of the population, doctor… And even if everything is revealed and proven — how to treat? Psychotherapy that a person is sure to refuse? Or undertake to radically change the foundations of personality? Well, this (and thank God) is generally from the field of science fiction. And if the carrier of such a syndrome is also a doctor himself — then you can safely make a horror movie.

In short, this is a problem-fortunately, not too widespread.

This term (in the original — burnout) was proposed in 1974 by the American psychiatrist Freudenberg. It occurs not only in doctors, although they are the ones who sit quietly and thoughtfully at the very top of the palm tree. In second place — teachers and psychologists. The syndrome also affected social workers, as well as a tribe of managers and a clan of bosses.

There are many reasons for the occurrence of burnout syndrome, but they can be summarized in two words. No, not the one that’s full. This is hopelessness and hopelessness. This work is nonstop in the Stakhanov pace, with a mini-weekend microtoponymy is sarcastic salary is the boss, always ready to cheer anything high-rise, and the team, giving odds to any serpentarium clients and patients, which howled to the staff GUFSIN is the inability to somehow influence the result of the work or at least be aware you’re doing something and someone needs is the need to constantly wear a smile instead of a Kalashnikov machine gun.

How does the burnout syndrome manifest itself? Three groups of symptoms.

1) Extreme exhaustion (of the nervous system, of course). If you remember, I described asthenic syndrome. So here it is almost the same: exhaustion, when the strength to work is not available after an hour or two from the start of the shift, fatigue, especially from monotonous work-and at the same time lack of strength to search for non — standard solutions and learn new ones. This is an emotional explosion (more precisely, a pop when the balloon goes from the “inflated” state to the “burst” state) to any significant push, it is an intolerance to sharp stimuli (light, sound, smell), when the next patient who slams the door has some risk of being subjected to strangulation with a stendoscope. This scattered attention (well, there are no forces to collect it in a heap and keep it in it) and an abundance of what was once fashionable, and now holivarno called vegetative (or neurocirculatory) dystonia. This is a gratuitous anxiety, this mood with a constant, though not as deep as in clinical depression, the “minus” sign.

2) Detachment, distancing from patients (in the case of other professions — clients, students, subordinates). Because every next attempt to penetrate, understand, share burns even deeper, and so I want to leave something for those who stayed at home! As a result, more and more cynical notes slip through, a person becomes callous, and even a warm and cozy (if it is really such) home environment can not soften this crust on the soul.

3) Sense of inefficiency and insufficiency of their achievements. Yes, I have a dozen years of experience, a PhD, a lot of more or less grateful patients (not about the pathologist, be it said) – and a feeling of complete hopelessness, uselessness and hopelessness (especially when mega-responsibility is in stark contrast to the nano-salary). And you realize that you should get out of this well-worn rut, but it’s scary that you don’t have enough strength. And that in the end you can lose more than you can gain. Hence the all-encompassing pessimism, lost ideals, and unwillingness to move further up the professional and career ladder.This term (in the original — burnout) was proposed in 1974 by the American psychiatrist Freudenberg. It occurs not only in doctors, although they are the ones who sit quietly and thoughtfully at the very top of the palm tree. In second place — teachers and psychologists. The syndrome also affected social workers, as well as a tribe of managers and a clan of bosses.

The burnout syndrome can affect anyone, but there are also special personalities for it:

✓ Anxious and suspicious;

✓ Emotional and responsive;

✓ Responsible and demanding to themselves;

✓ People who tend not to show emotions (especially negative ones) in public, monitor how they look, what they say, and how they look from the outside;

✓ Used to strict self-discipline and self-control.

Who can save themselves: an evening Cup, pills (most often — tranquilizers, antidepressants and stimulants, as well as nootropics), going to the virtual space, hunting, fishing; in the summer-a dacha, the sea and healing waters.

Tips to prevention a lot to learn to actively relax, to switch from one activity to another, to leave the work problems at work, do not attach much importance to industrial disputes, to be able to put before a tactical and strategic objectives (achievement first itself, to encourage and indulge, in the process of achieving a second look, but not to force), not to miss opportunities for professional growth, not to try to receive from the universe excellent grades in all disciplines (notice the Trinitarian life easier?) and don’t forget to communicate, so as not to go completely wild. And most importantly-do not forget at least the list of tips.

There is another good, but little and rarely used advice: time to change the sphere of professional activity (worked for ten years as a psychiatrist-re-qualified as a huntsman). Only who would dare to do such a thing!

Most mental illnesses are found everywhere, whether in Europe or America, Honduras or Dublin. Of course, each culture has its own characteristics of symptoms — starting with the language in which the patient hears hallucinations, and ending with the characteristics of the content of delusions. But many cultures have something purely their own, internal, integral and characteristic only for this area and people in no less degree than the Eiffel tower for Paris, the Taj Mahal for India and the spreading cranberry for Russia. Such syndromes, which are not found anywhere except in a single human community, are called cultural. In some sources — cross-cultural or transcultural, as well as culture-dependent. In the ICD-10, most of them are considered under the code F 48.8 — that is, as specific neurotic disorders, but this is not entirely true, since the symptoms of some of these disorders are very psychotic.

Amok syndrome, or simply amok (from Malay. meng-âmok — to fall into a blind rage and kill). It is most common in Malaysia and Indonesia. In the development of the syndrome in three stages: first, depressed, melancholy mood of serious reflection, the appearance of the reticles in the eyes and gradual creep of toggle switch to “all kill — one remains”; and then a sudden flash, which can be provoked by the insult, with a sidelong glance non-fiction whistling or develops without apparent reason: the man is torn, kills and destroys everything that gets in the way; and finally, a way out of the painful state with complete amnesia of what happened and severe physical and mental exhaustion. Death is possible if the aggression was directed at yourself, too. The prevalence of this syndrome in the past forced local police officers to carry sticks with a loop of barbed wire to catch and hold such patients.

Dhat syndrome. This syndrome originates in ancient Indian tracts, according to which the body of each person contains seven vital substances, or dhata. In a very short and very simple way, these are Rasa (plasma, nutrient fluid), rakta (blood, life force), mamsa (muscle), MEDA (adipose tissue), asthi (bones, cartilage and ligaments), maja (bone marrow and nerve tissue), and shukra (sperm) in men and artava (eggs) in women. Here is with shukra something and released have men embarrassment. Not everyone, of course, but those who know what it consists of. And it has a thin and squishy mental organization. He goes, say, in Mumbai, inhales the thick aromas of his native metropolis and gradually Matures to the idea of getting rid of an extra half — liter of Mala in the form of a mutra-the bladder is not rubber! Does its job in one of the public urinals and suddenly-in the urine something muddy white! “Well, that’s it, a far-off Northern mongoose has crept up on me, now a paragraph to a Cobra! This OK from me shukra flows out with terrible force! I’m now five minutes away from Bhut!» It is in such anxieties, fears, and anticipation of the imminent funeral pyre that the next months of the poor man’s life are spent — until a good doctor or guru is found. In addition to India, this syndrome is found in China, Sri Lanka and the state of Taiwan.

Corot syndrome. It is found in India, China, and Southeast Asia, among Malays, Indonesians, Chinese, and Vietnamese. In the vast majority of cases — in men (fine mental organization, you already know). Got its name from the Chinese “Coro”, which means “head of a turtle”. A turtle in danger does what? No, it doesn’t turn on the first space speed and doesn’t go into geostationary orbit. It pulls its head and legs under the protection of its shell. There she has a bottle of rice vodka and a Smoking bamboo — everything a normal turtle needs to cope with stress. So, with Corot syndrome, the patient begins to think that his long-suffering Yeng could not stand the harms of work and the General injustice of the universe and began to shrink and shrivel up and soon spit on everyone and hide inside, like a turtle. And inside — the patient knows this for sure — there is no bottle of rice vodka, no Smoking bamboo. There is nothing to relieve stress with. And if so, Yeng will not only die himself, but the owner will ride to the other world on his own. And then, without panic and low morale well at all in any way.

Lata syndrome, or latah. It is common among women in Malaysia and Indonesia. This is so that men do not think that only they can learn something tricky. Manifests itself if a woman is scared or creates unbearable conditions for her. In response, she falls into a kind of trance, in which she either implicitly does everything that is asked of her (and here the main thing is not to ask for a splash of boiling water or bring coffee to bed), or simply repeats the gestures, actions and words of those around them, as if deprived of their own will. Periodically, psychomotor excitement breaks out — usually in the form of a good portion of selected matyugov: after all, swearing-they are firmly established in the very depths of the subconscious of any people, and even when the brain is almost completely disconnected — the remaining brain tissue is enough to Express a seven — story compliment to the universe.

PA-LEng syndrome. It is found in China and Southeast Asia. Remember, max Frei was a funny character — samanez rulen of Baghdatis, who believed that without a huge cap to go absolutely not — the brain the wind will blow? Now, it’s almost the same here. This syndrome is associated with the belief present in the local culture that the wind and cold are not just an abomination, snot and the potential to catch something cold. Wind and cold can dampen the Yang Yang in a person, resulting in Yin Yin prevailing and all sorts of crap coming out. You will walk all tired, lethargic and with a drooping Yeng. And then you will die completely. Therefore, you need to dress warmer and more layered. And sweat is not an inconvenience, it is an attribute of a real man. You could say chemical weapons. Suddenly opened ten clothes — and take the chosen one, while she is in a swoon!

Taijin kyofu-Shu syndrome (in another transcription — Tajin kyofusho). It is found exclusively in Japan and is associated with the culture of this country, where the role of a restraining, limiting factor in society is played by shame (in contrast to Russia, where the same role should be played by conscience). The syndrome manifests itself in a panic fear of “losing face”, losing a good attitude and favor from other people. Moreover, the patient is not afraid of the consequences of real actions — he begins to fear something is wrong to say, there is no smile, let the winds with so many people, to insult their breath — and anyway, you never know: suddenly the fact of the appearance of the street his face gets mavasi-giri’s sense of beauty? I’d rather stay at home, locked up. Again, there was a tingle in my side, and my heart ached, and sleep was gone…

Couvade syndrome. Previously, it was distributed among the population of Oceania, some peoples of the Caribbean Islands, as well as in Corsica and Burma. The name, according to some sources, comes from the French word couver, meaning “to hatch chickens”. It is closely related to the custom when a man during the pregnancy of his wife behaved as she did: went to bed, refused food, screamed as if from labor, and in every possible way imitated the process of childbirth. According to beliefs, a woman should have been incredibly relieved by this. Perhaps they were relieved. There may have been some inexplicable mechanism for sharing suffering. There is also a simpler explanation: the desire to get up and strangle the scoundrel was so strong that the pain receded into the background. Some of the men were so impressionable and so well was the character that really started to feel tazelenemedi: they had morning sickness, had lost his appetite, began to pull on something salty or sweet, there are a number of scents and dishes, which turned up from the soul and in every way felt sick, had pains in lower back and lower abdomen and all this was accompanied by moods, resentment, irritability and extreme bulging of self. Childbirth never ended, but with the forced evacuation of fecal masses in the process of attempts-no problems. It is interesting that now this syndrome is no longer characteristic of any one culture — it is found almost everywhere.

Syndrome offwire. It’s called SAC syndrome. Typical for women in South Africa. It is difficult to say exactly how strict their upbringing is and what terrible stories and legends they are told about men, but the trigger for this syndrome is most often the sight of an unfamiliar man. Apparently, the strangers must be indelibly impressed by the frenzied screams, sobs, shouting out some completely new words for the local dialect, Brownian movement with the speed of a mad tennis ball, followed by falling into a trance-either with complete inhibition, or with arms and legs falling away, or with convulsions, in the manner of an epileptic fit. And so for days and weeks. After that, a decent stranger is simply obliged to either marry, or get into a long retaliatory fit — they say, your indescribable beauty did not leave me indifferent either.

Susto syndrome (aka susto’s disease, aka espanto). This syndrome can be found in residents of another continent-among the Quechua Indians in Latin America. Why only there? It’s because we don’t have any demons, soul-snatching witches, or evil quechuan spirits roaming the streets so freely. Gopniki-this is please. Taking money and shooting cigarettes are common. Doing all sorts of unnatural things to the brain — as many as you like. But to take away the soul — we do not have such obscenity. But the Indians are suffering. He would go along the road, meet a demon or a witch, and be ready. Fell to the ground, and the soul, such a fool, there is no to go in the heels — it tries to sniff the ground. And they don’t just let you go back from the ground, it’s not a tour for fur coats with drinking “Metaxa” right in the sewing shop. And without a soul a real Indian is hard: he suffers, he doesn’t eat, he doesn’t sleep well, he gets thin and weak. And everything is waiting for death. You have to go to the shaman, so that he filled the pipe, scored the arrow and agreed with the mother earth, how much you can get your soul back.

Things are no easier for the ojibway Indians in Canada. Their misfortune syndrome vitiko (vindigo, vertigo). However, some unconscious researchers believe that this is not a disease, but just a bad temper and an attempt to justify their culinary preferences, but they are evil. The syndrome is manifested when the tribe has nothing to eat: the wild rice has run out or the food truck has forgotten to overturn. Less often-when there is food, but you want something delicious, but there is no or you can not. And I’m hungry. Right to death. Someone else’s. I’m already getting scared myself. And then the fear passes, and in its place is a giant ice-skeletal demon-Vitiko. He wants to eat even more, and any member of the Indian family is a friend, companion, and delicacy to him. To a sharp change in the diet of a relative, the family treats without understanding and sympathy: an Amateur cannibal is either dragged to a shaman (which is less common), or they decide that it will be cheaper and more reliable to kill. And the ish-demon possessed, human wanted!

Syndrome piblokto (aka Pabloites). It is found in Greenlandic fishermen. Begins, as a rule, either with the appearance of weakness, rapid fatigue, or against the background of a depressed, depressive state: cold, wet, fish are fed up, and in General-what kind of bastard called this land green? Then an astral icicle falls on his head, and the patient explodes: rips off his clothes, screams like a Seagull, snorts like a whale, cries like a seal, roars like a deer (Northern, not spotted — don’t confuse it!), dives into a deep snowdrift, and if he doesn’t stumble on a forgotten household appliance or a freshly buried snowmobile, swims and splashes in the snow. Under the influence of the moment, it is quite capable of demolishing a house on a log, or on a stone, or whatever else they make them out of. It can repeat words or gestures thoughtlessly. Then the charge of bad energy runs out, and the person is forgotten in a deep pathological sleep, after which he wakes up healthy, but a little weak and rumpled, looking at others with bewilderment-they say, why are you all so caring and cautious? Yes, I’m fine. Was there any reason to doubt it? It is very similar to the Arctic hysteria that occurs in the canadian Eskimos. Due to severe stress (for example, the deer is gone or geologists came), the patient is thrown in a hole or escapes into the tundra, and if it is trying to catch and not let go — it becomes violent, aggressive, sometimes gives a a seizure.

Syndrome Camarines. This syndrome is also found mainly among the peoples of the Far North, where the nights are not just long — they are polar, and the stories of shamans would have impressed Stephen king himself. Again, the wind that blows the soul out of you. Again, almost cosmic cold, which tries to take it along with the heat. And this heavy sleep in the heat and among the rushing fire glare, and it was time to go to bed not because it was dark — it was dark a month ago — just time to switch off for seven hours. In short, the situation is very conducive to the fact that when you Wake up one day (I almost said — in the morning) from some smell or noise, you suddenly realize that IT happened. There is no soul. Instead, it was either a sucking emptiness, or someone else had already settled in, someone else, uninvited and hostile. And there is something yourself repurchase in the opening of the breeding season and the development of a new body. Scared? You bet! To complete paralysis, to a clear sense of either someone else’s presence, or to the audible slight rustle of your own fleeing soul.

And a couple more imported syndromes before we talk about domestic ones.

The Jerusalem syndrome. It has spread mainly among tourists who came to worship the Holy land and look at the Holy places. If those who live side by side with shrines have already developed immunity — well, a place, well, Holy, well, two steps away, Yes, thank you, I’m happy by default-then new arrivals eating with their eyes everything so mystical and in such large quantities is not always good. Then, you see, Jesus will suddenly Wake up in a person, then Moses, then Abraham. As a result, in complete bewilderment as those who have woken up-they say, I have never spent the night here! — so are those who suddenly feel like them. The latter in particular. At once they begin to reveal and prophesy, or even make a March across the deserts, for about forty years, inducing some people for the company. It is encouraging that this syndrome lasts no more than a week and often passes on its own.

Stendhal Syndrome. It can be described in three words. Veni, vidi, phallomorphi. Stendhal had also, er, experienced a cultural shock when he saw Raphael’s Madonna and Michelangelo’s David. Even now, some impressionable tourists with a fine mental organization experience something similar when they see a particular work of art. And it doesn’t matter how the shock manifests itself: ecstasy, panic, or reverence for a painting, sculpture, or structure, when all other colors and impressions simply fade and become insignificant and vain, it is impossible not to notice it from the outside. As a rule, local residents and Museum employees do not experience anything like this — in fact, it would be strange to go to work every day for such a thrill. Again, desensitization, cultural mithridatism…

Now let’s talk about cultural syndromes that are common in Russia. No, this isn’t about delirium tremens. And not because we don’t suffer it so much as we enjoy it. As practice shows, alcoholic delirium is a phenomenon outside borders and peoples; devils are driven here, in Western Europe, in Israel, India, Africa and Australia, and this phenomenon is not alien to America — well, unless somewhere after a tequila binge, instead of a devil or a UFO crew, a local Chupacabra will appear, this is already a detail. We already have enough local exotics.

Hiccups (also called hiccups). It is more common in the Perm region and the Komi Republic. It is not the same action that occurs as a result of re-expression of the diaphragmatic nerve — everything is more complex, mysterious, and smacks of witchcraft. So we need to be on our guard against wizards and witches. And if suddenly on a hot summer day you are offered kvass from birch bark tuesca-refuse. Like, thank you, like, I’ll get by on vodka somehow. And then you take a SIP — and there is already a Hiccup (or as it will be called) a piece of mold sitting on the food specially grown. He is a hyperactive demon: go to a new place of residence. Some of them have been in prison for thirty years, or even longer. And it’s okay to just sit in your stomach, so no — it must be made known. Not only to the host — who will not miss the appearance of such a guest — but also to everyone around them. So he does not sit silently-he foreshadows. It can, of course, and just howl, growl or bleat, but more often — something says. Mostly offensive, scary, or abusive. And forces the host to do what the imp wants. Usually something obscene: slap of wine (red, white and because vodka is abhorrent to him), to eat something inedible, but honey, garlic, radish, pepper and sage to shy away like incense; to strip naked when people day to sit in the dark — well, the devil, he is the devil, they’re all character pathology and disorders of the instincts. Well, hiccups are also present — most often, everything begins with it.

Hysterics. Currently, it is not so common, but still occurs throughout Russia to the West of the Urals. The overwhelming majority of hysterics were women. It is difficult to say why the demons that cause klikushestvo are so picky about gender-maybe the reason for this is the peculiarities of the female psyche, or maybe the usual physiology. Maybe they don’t have a place to sit at men’s houses, but it’s inconvenient to sit on what they are offered. In many ways, the behavior of demons is similar to the behavior of Hiccups: they sit inside, make them broadcast (click) on their behalf, do something obscene; being overshadowed by the sign of the cross or the aiming application of the censer, they fall together with the bearer Aki thunderstruck. The carrier, as a rule, has a memory for all obscenities that is completely rejected.

Oracene (also maracena, Emiratele). Its name derives from the Yakut word menarik — “make strange”. It is distributed mainly among the peoples inhabiting Eastern Siberia. However, people who came from other places and settled there for a long time are also not immune from this scourge. In many ways similar to the Malaysian Lata syndrome, but not so gender-sensitive. Kind of reminds syndrome piblokto. You can achieve symptoms of the syndrome by frightening a person with words, your appearance, a sharp sound or a flash of light. Less often, it develops independently. The patient seems to be in a trance-he copies the movements and words of others, obediently performs whatever he is ordered. Sometimes meryachenie covers an entire group of people, in this case it turns out an improvised flashmob.

And finally, three syndrome, which occur in the Siberian Tatars and described by H. M. Mukhamejanova in 2000.

State of “KUEK-ut”. Fire, in addition to running water and other people’s work, is included in the list of things that you can look at indefinitely. Just do not do it too closely — from the OTHER side, we can also be admired. The Fire spirit is not only a curious being, but also, unlike the one who plays peek-a-Boo with a fire, an active one. He sensed a weakness and immediately moved into the gaping hole. Imagine the leap of living fire under the skin, which begins to walk busily around the newfound body? In General, the spirit burns as it can, but the person suffers-it burns, it is hot, he feels pain, he sees the dance and the terrible faces of the spirit of fire, he rushes, not finding salvation. And here the choice is not rich — either a shaman, or a psychiatrist.

The “isce” state. This is when a person suddenly understands: everything, the soul in the morning dressed, gathered a bundle with things and left. And with it went the joy and interest in ordinary pleasures and Affairs, the colors of life, and life itself flows away in a thin trickle. But the Spirit of fear has come to an empty place, and it, unlike the soul, does not stand on ceremony with the owner. Hence fear, anxiety, loss of appetite, confusion, and a complete lack of visible prospects.

The state of the “Cam-Bashan”. There is a strong belief among the Siberian Tatars that shamanic items should not be taken. Well, that is, taking someone else’s is generally not good, and shamanic-in addition, it is also deadly. They even have a tambourine on a special anti-theft device. And curiosity and parses. Touched-nothing. Knocked, rattled-the current does not beat, the siren does not howl. But then… Then comes the fear, the depressed state and the understanding that the anti-theft was shamanic. It would have been better to have been killed on the spot. And so the weakness of some, and the potency is gone somewhere. And yet — comes a solid understanding of the inevitability kirdyk, but it is unclear what he would be immediately if all happens like an accident or will first severe illness.

Or Bleuler’s endocrine psychosyndrome (described by Him in 1948). With some reservations, it can be said that it occupies an intermediate stage between mental disorders that develop as a result of external factors affecting the brain (or exogenous-organic disorders-due to the same injuries, infections or intoxications, for example), and so — called endogenous disorders (that is, those whose origin is being investigated, but with no external causes-as in the case of the same schizophrenia).

The reason for the development of endocrine psychosyndrome is a long-term violation of the hormonal background. That’s right. Neither the adrenaline rush nor the blood sugar spikes will form it. It is necessary that the change in the hormonal background be long-lasting, like the Exodus of Evenks to America, from month to month, or even from year to year. Diffuse toxic goiter, myxedema, diabetes mellitus, Itsenko — Cushing’s syndrome, adrenal and pituitary tumors are all welcome. A distant similarity in some details with this syndrome has changes in the psyche during pregnancy (still, with it, the concentration of certain hormones changes hundreds or even thousands of times, and not for a day or two, but throughout the entire term). It’s just that during pregnancy, these changes are reversible.

The main violations are observed in the sphere of emotions and in the sphere of drives.

In the sphere of emotions: irritability and tearfulness-literally because of any little thing, and sometimes for no reason at all (she invented herself, she was offended by everything); viciousness and gloom (who can’t wait to get in the eye or on a course of anti — rabies vaccine-we take a turn); or, on the contrary, euphoria. Severe and persistent, reaching a psychotic level, depression or mania are less common, but also quite likely.

In the sphere of the instincts, violations can have any polarity: strengthening, weakening, or perversion. These disorders can affect both sexual desire and food, but the latter still suffers more often and more noticeably. This is bulimia, when the refrigerator begins to shake nervously when a person appears in the kitchen and tries to hide, if not emigrate; anorexia, when an attempt to feed a person turns into a difficult quest, and the patient himself will give a head start to any visual aid on osteology; Pararexia (or perversion of taste), when raw meat or black soil suddenly become unbearably delicious and desirable, and from harmless ice cream or tangerines just turns inside out.

Much less common is a decrease in intelligence-except for sharply expressed endocrine disorders. Here is the acceleration of the pace of thinking (with hyperthyroidism, for example) or its slowdown (with myxedema) is observed much more often.

This syndrome is also called organic psychosyndrome, as well as Walter-BUEL syndrome. The cause of the syndrome is a lesion of the brain as an organ. It is noteworthy that this syndrome marks the border between real life and fiction. Only a fictional hero can constantly hit the head with something heavy, sharp or explosive, pour megalitres of fire water into it, get meningitis and go into a coma, and then R-once — and everything is as it was, just a couple of scars adorning a manly face, and not a single hint of changes in the psyche. Believe me, in reality, the brain is much more tender and does not forgive such indecent treatment of itself. Well, unless one day genetics will reach unprecedented heights, and there will be woodpecker warriors…

Leading, obligate symptoms are represented by three groups.

• Affective disorder. They are quite diverse, but they have one thing in common: the psyche does not have enough strength to keep the will in check, as well as to maintain the same mood for a long time: a person simply breathes out, the fuse passes, and the mood changes, and quite sharply. From here:

Irritability (no strength to endure) – but quickly passing;

Incontinence (after all, the strength to hold the closet of my soul on the lock, takes a lot);

Emotional lability (flared — calm — burst into tears — comforted — laugh — tears — to begin the cycle anew);

The grouchy, grumbling — even to them that in humans is almost always strong enough; euphoria and carelessness-this is when the critical attitude to the situation and to yourself has already hopelessly waved its tail and went ashore; indifference and apathy — when the forces are no longer even for emotions.

Memory and attention disorders. As for memory, first of all, the ability to remember and reproduce the events of the current moment suffers: from a decrease in the volume of stored and reproduced information to fixation amnesia (ate-forgot-reproached his wife for negligence-ate-forgot). At the same time, the memory of earlier events in life, especially those that preceded the development of the syndrome, can remain unchanged for a long time, but over time it also fades.

Attention becomes passive (that is, the person himself is not able to arbitrarily focus on something), distracted, like a first-grader at the end of the lesson, scattered and quickly exhausted.

Disorders of intelligence and comprehension. First of all, it is the loss of the ability to think and act creatively (of course, if there was any such ability at all). People stop looking for new non-standard ways to solve problems, more often use the established stereotypes, gradually becoming their hostage. Such a patient is painfully difficult, sometimes impossible to master anything new, he becomes forced to be conservative. New ideas do not come to mind in a hurry, and then they do not come to visit at all. Thinking itself becomes more and more mundane, concrete-visual, the ability to abstract disappears. Further — more: it becomes more difficult to think, to solve even standard life tasks, to make decisions independently. Thinking loses its flexibility and is no longer able to fly, it becomes rigid, bogged down in unnecessary details and minutiae, being unable to grasp the whole problem and see the prospects.

The group of facultative syndromes is quite diverse and diverse: it can be perception disorders (illusions, hallucinations, senestopathies), thinking disorders (phobias, obsessions, super-valuable and even delusional ideas), symptoms of a violation of the autonomic nervous system (remember such a widespread diagnosis as vegetative dystonia?), neurological symptoms.

The course of the psycho-organic syndrome is more often stationary, but it is also progressive. And regressive. Pretty typical relationship-being of patients with external factors: they are sensitive to weather and atmospheric pressure (meteosensitivity), the temperature (in most cases heat is worse), to riding in vehicles (many swayed); any infectious diseases, intoxication (including alcohol), exacerbation of chronic diseases.

There are four variants of the psycho-organic syndrome. The sequence in which they are set out is not accidental: when the condition becomes heavier, the progress of the disease, the change of options will take place in this order.

Asthenic version. In the foreground — weakness and exhaustion of mental processes. Here and emotional hyperesthesia, when a person violently, but not for long reacts to any remark, criticism, even just a change in intonation, not to mention sharp sounds (the alarm clock is better to have several degrees of protection from physical influences), flashes of light (the photographer also), unexpected touches (so be careful with the desire to Pat the back on the shoulder). It is also a rapid fatigue, when a person, having taken up a task, deflates like a punctured balloon, and the remaining rag is no longer able to do much. This is a rapid change of mood, this is the inability to focus on one thing for a long time, this is a decrease in memory — small, mainly due to difficulties with remembering, but already quite noticeable.

Explosive version. Emotions are brighter and more brutal, their manifestations have the character of an explosion, it is not just irritability-it is malignity, turning into anger, and in the intervals — a sullen and depressed dysphoric mood with a wandering grid of sight. Grumpiness, disgust, intolerance and grumbling gradually replace everything else. Memory is getting worse, it is becoming more difficult to remember and recall, events are leaving like water through a sieve, leaving only a few grains of the most significant events. It becomes more difficult to learn new experiences and think at all. But it is very sensitive to any events, words and actions that can somehow hurt or offend (even if it was not intended at all).

Euphoric version. A person is no longer able to correctly and critically assess himself and the surrounding environment, so the psyche, mercifully clearing a place in the dump of life, places him in the middle of the Potemkin village, in a jacket and with a Bayan. Why go to the trouble when everything is fine? Outbursts of anger sometimes do occur — when trying to return to reality, to poke your nose at the facts, but then again comes the euphoria. It is no longer possible to think creatively or even productively, so the remnants of life experience, stereotypes and reflexes come to the rescue. Decisions are ill-considered (because there is nothing to do), frivolous (in tune with the prevailing mood), superficial and absurd, but this absurdity is not something new, but rather an old and familiar applied to the wrong place. Professional skills that were still somehow preserved in the previous, explosive version, are also gradually lost. The lack of productive activity is more than made up for by an excess of mobility and fussiness. Memory deteriorates to the point of fixation amnesia.

Apathetic version. The forces for emotions are no longer there, instead of them — indifference and apathy. A person can lie in bed for hours and days, getting up only to the table and to the toilet. Or without getting up at all. Interests — almost no, except how to eat. Wash up, take a bath or shower — this is a feat. Going outside is an almost impossible mission. Thinking becomes slow, tight, like a rusty bolt, stuck in the details — far from being clever and quick-witted! Memory does not hold current events and gradually loses earlier ones. Skills that were honed to automatism in the past (making eggs, hanging a shelf on the wall) are also going somewhere.

What distinguishes them from amnesic disorders is that amnesia may be absent or not so pronounced as to play a leading role. But the distortion of memory, or paramnesia, will be necessary, they simply can not be overlooked in such cases,and the colors of the picture of the disease will be due to them. There are three of these syndromes:

1) Korsakoff’s syndrome;

2) Confabulation;

3) Violent memory syndrome.

Korsakov syndrome was first described by S. S. Korsakov [51] in 1887. It is interesting because it intertwines both productive symptoms (paramnesia) and negative (amnesia). Its leading, mandatory, or obligate symptoms:

• Fixation amnesia, that is, the events of the current moment and recent (days, months, last year) time pass through this sieve without being delayed. Here are the events of youth, youth and childhood — this is a different conversation, up to the name of the first love and the circumstances of the first drink. Everything, up to the beginning of the disease itself. Next — a blank sheet, on which memory and displays the bizarre patterns of paramnesias. Fixation amnesia can be so pronounced that it is almost impossible to teach the patient something new, and moving to a new place of residence is a disaster (going out alone on the street, he will get lost, most likely, go to the old address and perhaps try to drive out new residents). Such amnesic disorientation can concern both the place and time, as well as basic professional and everyday skills. Therefore, it is better for relatives to take care of washing, cleaning and, especially, cooking dinner — they will be safer.

— To many cases of paramnesia.

In the case of Korsakovsky syndrome, they are as follows.

• Confabulations (when gaps in memory are filled with events that never occurred in the patient’s life). In the vast majority of cases, these are substitute confabulations (that is, not very far removed from everyday mundane reality): yesterday I sat with friends in a restaurant, Yes, right after work; a week ago I went hunting, shot two boars and one huntsman, but Shh! Less often they are fantastic (I was on a special mission, thwarted the plans of the world’s financial elite for a carefree holiday: I poured tar into honey, poured sugar into beer, clofelin into vodka and ice into a swimming pool, barely left alive).
• Pseudoreminescence (when a gap in the patient’s memory is replaced by a piece of the mosaic from his own life, only from the time when the disease itself did not exist).
• Cryptomnesia (when the patient borrows events from books, movies, TV shows — from everywhere-to fill in gaps in memory). Therefore, it is better to leave something harmless out of literature. No, “Hansel and Gretel” and “Baby and Carlson” are also better put out of harm’s way. It is better not to doubt the personal authorship of famous poems, songs, and scientific works — neither you nor the patent office can explain anything to him. And Windows is also all his credit, no matter what bill gates thinks.

— Anosognosia (a-negation, from the Greek onosis-disease, gnosis-cognition, knowledge), that is, a complete lack of understanding and denial of the fact of the disease and related problems. And here it will be rough, Terry. “Who’s sick? Am I ill? Yes, I’m healthy, like this… like his … horse of Macedon…Ah, Imbecile, in! Yes, I’ll get a job tomorrow at least-immediately as a Director! Wait, I already work there…»

Optional, or additional, optional, symptoms can be affective disorders: anxiety or complacency, carelessness or confusion, euphoria, emotional lability, when the mood jumps from one pole to the other several times a day and changes from any trifle. The patient may be either sedentary, hypodynamic, or, on the contrary, fussy and restless — depending on what kind of affect prevails.

According to the dynamics of Korsakov syndrome can be:

• progressive (when the severity of symptoms increases);
• regressing (when things are on the mend) and
• inpatient (when the symptoms in their severity and severity do not change for many years in either direction).

The cause of Korsakoff’s syndrome — brain damage: the toxic effect of alcohol in Korsakov’s psychosis, other intoxications, infections, trauma, tumor, vascular damage (in stroke and atherosclerosis, for example), atrophic processes in the cerebral cortex.

Confabulation. What is remarkable is that there is no amnesia or clouded consciousness in this syndrome. But confabulation — as much as, and no! Incredible, fabulous, fantastic (which, in fact, should be fantastic confabulations). There are dinners with the President, and Affairs with the wives of Ministers, and escapes from their angry spouses, stuck horns in doorways and goading their loyal nookers, and escape from the country in a diplomatic parcel with cannabis (“just sent to the Netherlands”). For those of confabulation, in addition to the fantastic typical variability of the plot: only yesterday savoured the delights of Ministerial wives and zaboristoe diplomatic mail, and today switched to the details of the abduction of American spy satellites directly from geostationary orbit with a view to push the information home intelligence, and valuable scrap — friendly Madagascar. Another distinctive feature of confabulation is the patient’s desire to prove that this is exactly what happened. “Don’t you believe it? Yes, there, you see-a spoon! Yes, Yes, Malagasy friends cast from the same satellite, as a souvenir.”

Confabulation can develop as an independent syndrome or be a stage in the transition of delirium to Korsakovsky psychosis. If this is an independent syndrome, then the way out of the painful state is usually critical, that is, once — and there is an “Epiphany”. It is usually found in mental diseases caused by damage to the blood vessels of the brain or with severe infections, severe somatic diseases and — quite often-with intoxication.

Violent memory syndrome. The memories are real, they really took place in the life of this particular person. It would seem — what is abnormal here? The abnormal thing here is the WAY they come. Not purposefully (I wanted to-I remembered), not accidentally, obeying a chain of free associations (“they Write that a dog … a lapdog… a bitch … damn! My mother-in-law’s birthday!”). Violent memories invade your mind without invitation, like College students in a Dorm who find out that you’ve been brought three bags of food and one case of vodka from home. They fill in everything-up to the point of not being able to assimilate anything else from current events, and later-leaving no chance to remember if anything was happening at that moment: the memories themselves were, but what was I doing then and where was I?

This syndrome occurs when the left parietal-temporal region of the brain is affected.